6
C
14
週期
2
p
個質子
電子
個中子
6
6
6
一般屬性
原子序數
6
標準原子質量
12.0107
品質編號
12
類別
非金屬
顏色
黑色
放射性
拉丁文 '木炭'
晶體結構
簡單六角形
歷史
Carbon was discovered in prehistory and was known in the forms of soot and charcoal to the earliest human civilizations.

In 1772, Antoine Lavoisier showed that diamonds are a form of carbon; when he burned samples of charcoal and diamond and found that neither produced any water.

In 1779, Carl Wilhelm Scheele showed that graphite burned to form carbon dioxide and so must be another form of carbon.
每個外殼的電子
2, 4
電子排布
[He] 2s2 2p2
C
About 20% of the weight of living organisms is carbon
物理性質
物態
固體
密度
2.267 g/cm3
熔點
3948.15 K | 3675 °C | 6647 °F
沸點
4300.15 K | 4027 °C | 7280.6 °F
熔化熱
105 kJ/mol
汽化熱
715 kJ/mol
比熱容
0.709 J/g·K
地殼豐度
0.18%
宇宙豐度
0.5%
Ultrapure
圖片來源: Images-of-elements
Ultrapure carbon as graphite
CAS 編號
7440-44-0
Pubchem CID 編號
5462310
原子性質
原子半徑
67 pm
共價半徑
77 pm
電負性
2.55 (鲍林标度)
電離電位
11.2603 eV
原子體積
5.31 cm3/mol
熱導率
1.29 W/cm·K
氧化態
-4, -3, -2, -1, 1, 2, 3, 4
應用
The major use of carbon other than food and wood is in the form of hydrocarbons, most notably the fossil fuel methane gas and crude oil.

Graphite is used for pencil tips, high temperature crucibles, dry cells, electrodes and as a lubricant.

Diamonds are used in jewelry and in industry for cutting, drilling, grinding, and polishing.

Carbon black is used as the black pigment in printing ink.
Pure carbon has extremely low toxicity to humans and can be handled safely in the form of graphite or charcoal
同位素
穩定同位素
12C, 13C
不穩定同位素
8C, 9C, 10C, 11C, 14C, 15C, 16C, 17C, 18C, 19C, 20C, 21C, 22C